A total of 125 Russian Red Pied cows were genotyped for the prolactim-related gene. The PRL-RsaI genotypes were analysed using the Polymerase chain reaction -restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCRRFLP) method. In this breed, the frequencies of alleles were as follows; A= 0.794 and B= 0.206. The frequencies of AA, AB and BB genotypes were 0.598, 0.392 and 0.01; respectively. Results showed that: BB genotype had higher milk yield than AA and AB individuals (P< 0.05). BB genotype showed higher milk fat yield than AA and AB individuals (P< 0.05). With respect to milk fat content (%), the AB genotype had higher levels than the AA and BB individuals (P< 0.05). No differences between the cows of different PRL-RsaI genotypes were found in terms of milk fat yield and milk protein concentration. The results showed that the highest milk and milk fat yields were obtained by cows with the genotype PRL-RsaI BB. The results presented here demonstrate that the prolactin gene may be considered as a marker for dairy traits in cattle.

Casein is a family of milk proteins that exists in several molecular forms and is the main protein present in the bovine milk. The B variant of bovine k-casein is reported to be favorable for quality and quantity of cheese derived from milk and considered to be included in breeding strategies of dairy cattle. Genotypes of 72 Russian Black Pied and 80 Red Pied cows were determined for kappa casein locus by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (PCR-RFLP) of amplified DNA. A 530 bp. fragment of the genomic bovine kappa casein gene was amplified by PCR. Digests by Hind III thus genotypes AA, AB and BB, were recognized by agarose gel electrophoresis. This technique was used to determine the kappa casein allelic frequency in Black and Red Pied dairy herds. Estimated gene frequencies were 0.83, 0.69 for A, and 0.17, 0.31 for B alleles, for Black and Red Pied breeds, respectively. The heterozygosis of 0.28, 0.50 for Black and Red Pied breeds, respectively were observed. This molecular genetic technique based on molecular markers allows direct genotyping for milk Kappa casein with certainty and accuracy in bulls and females an can be used in programs of dairy cattle improvement. Therefore, an early and precise identification of milk protein genotypes should have a direct impact on dairy cattle breeding strategies.    

Improving participation in voluntary activities in Iran is important because increasing productivity among young people, given the country's young population, contributes to community sustainability. Therefore, a better understanding of volunteer motivation in Iranian youth is needed. The Volunteer Functions Inventory (VFI) for assessing volunteer motivations has good psychometric properties and is adapted to several languages, but no validated Iranian translation yet exists. The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychometric Characteristics of voluntary functions inventory in members of Iranian Red Crescent Society. Sample size was 595 members of Youth Organization of Iranian Red Crescent Society from 31 provinces and 175 cities of Iran that were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method and responded to voluntary functions inventory. Data were collected using a demographic sample and voluntary functions inventory (VFI). Confirmatory factor analysis using principal components method was used for data analysis. The results of the present study showed that the voluntary functions inventory had validity and reliability. Also, the factor structure showed that 29 items and 6 factors well assess people's attitudes to volunteering, and the structure of this inventory was well-fitted and confirmed all goodness of fit models. The present study provides the use of the Iranian translation of the Voluntary Functions Inventory (6 scales and 29 items) to assess volunteer motivation among young Iranian volunteers.

Background and Objective: Textile wastewaters are known as an important environmental pollutant. The main characteristic of textile wastewater is its colorness, which contains various organic and inorganic pollutants. Therefore it is necessary to treat such effluent effectively before discharging into the environment.Methods: In a fundamental-applicable study, removal efficiency of Acid red 18 and Acid red 14 using zero valent iron powder has been investigated. Parameters studied include pH (3-11), contact time (15-120 min), and initial concentration of iron powder (0.5-2 g/L).Results: Batch experiments show that dye removal was increased with increasing mass of iron powder and contact time, while decreased with increasing of pH. The high removal efficiency was observed in pH=3, contact time=120 min and iron powder concentration of 2 g/L. The result of kinetic studies shows that removal of Acid red 18 and Acid red 14 was best described by pseudo-second order kinetic model.Conclusion: the overall results of present work shows efficient removal of Acid red 18 and acid 14 by zero valent iron powder.

Wastewater from the textile industry, especially that containing azo compounds, often contains toxic materials that persist in the environment. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the performance of various methods for their removal. Acid red 37 combinations represent a single structure in the azo dyes which have already been widely used in the textile industry. The purpose this study is the optimization of effective factors and investigation performance of the electrofenton and electrocoagulation methods in synthetic wastewater for Acid Red 37 dye removal from aqueous solutions. In this study, synthetic wastewater was formed from Acid Red 37 dye and pilot Scale and the concentration, pH, electrical density and temperature parameters were investigated. Ultimately the optimum conditions were determined as well as the amount of energy consumption at 90 percent efficiency. To investigate the pollutant degradation GC-Mass was used and the results show that both methods had the ability to remove Acid Red 37. Electrocoagulation was found to be more efficient than the electrofenton method; respectively, the optimum conditions for removal by the electrofenton and electrocoagulation methods were pH=3, time=120 min, density- 30 mA.cm2, concentration=50 mg/L, consumption energy 142.8 KWh/Kg Dye and pH=7 time=120 min, density- 30 mA.cm2, concentration=150 mg/L, consumption energy 130.2 KWh/Kg Dye. These results show that the electrocoagulation method was better than electrofenton with its high ability for removal Acid Red 37.